展翅,在夕阳的轮廓里

幻想,是何等伟大的事业
将一代人卷入那空灵之中
在苏醒的时候,才发觉,
原来他们已被时间抛在了后头,成为了历史
黑格尔说得对:
密涅瓦的猫头鹰只在黄昏起飞
可叹的是,
世人只知以自己的生理年龄来判断个人思想的时辰……


2009年2月28日星期六

儿时梦

小时候,我真的觉得,“打报告”三个字听起来很酷
不知是因为没有电脑,所以键盘滴滴答答的声音听起来特别悦耳
还是觉得,能够“打报告”的人,就总是有着饱满的知识

小时候,我总会去保护还只会啼哭的妹妹
不让她那幼小的脸庞
被那有点暴力倾向、刚学走路的弟弟拍打

小时候,我立志要当老师
因为,总觉得那是我的天职
仿佛从出生那天起,就肩负着某种传播爱与知识的责任
因为被爱过,也珍惜过所有的爱

小时候,我总幻想着发明一个所有孩子都喜欢的游戏
却总是玩着弹珠,或是如厕时把厕纸弄湿然后捏成骰子的形状
甚至,曾经把一只大蝴蝶在家中产下的卵,放在装着水的透明塑料罐中
并天天期盼着生出毛毛虫

小时候,总喜欢在计算器上不断地按那将数字成倍计算的钮
知道屏幕呈现无数的999999999999999
数学卷子,却总是没办法在限定时间内完成

小时候,我看电视,喜欢上了云南的孩子
立志长大后要到偏远的山区教书
住上一阵子,在淳朴的笑容和拥抱中成就我自己

长大后,有些事情,彻底忘记了
有些事情,玩成了却没有预期的满足
还有些事情,做着却完全不知道意义在哪里

多少的儿时梦,尘封并上锁在心中
而我们却在现代社会中,带着一双蒙蔽的眼睛
让自己化为一堆粘土,被硬邦邦的莫名力量拍打扭捏
以成为软趴趴、站不稳的泥人而感到自豪
仿佛我们就不曾存在过

2009年2月27日星期五

兄弟在博客上谈的照片,勾起我的“写作欲”,于是胡乱写了一通:

知道吗,伞是很有意思的东西,但在我看来,理由跟你不一样。

我只是觉得,当你一个人提着伞在雨中漫步时,它是你唯一的伴侣,也是唯一会在雨中唱歌给你听的朋友。

当你和另一个人,特别是爱人共用一把伞时,那之间则有纯纯淡淡的趣味。小雨中,为另一伴心甘情愿地淋湿袖子;大雨中,反正有没有伞都是湿的,就索性来一场争夺。

我和允旋的故事里,有很多小小段与伞有关的故事:握着她的手的时候;送她回家的时候;谈论我们感情淡化的时候;在大雨中玩闹的场景;还有,冒着雨骑车去东门买玫瑰花的时候……

好玩的,总是她的大伞遮着我的小伞那种情况。

而伞,是雨天与陌生人“亲密接触”的契机。很多伞的时候,或是面对面走来并在狭窄的行人道上擦肩而过时,“刷”一声,你的伞碰到我的伞。在那一瞬间,人与人有着0.1秒的缘分。

照片可以勾起回忆,可以把人引入另一个世界。你可以说,解读在于每个人自己,所以你选择只有影没有声。然而,你自己最真挚的解读和感触,你自己又要怎么表现出来,如果你不用文字?

有时,美真的不需要语言,也难以被语言捕捉。但是,那总是稍纵即逝。照片希图将某个时间点定格,但这定格的时空的前后时空,又如何表达? 观者看到照片的那瞬间,本身的过去和未来又如何? 这是两个层面,却都脱离不了时间。而且,这其实和绘画理论异曲同工,我觉得。

所以,我总觉得,照片虽然是空间艺术,但其灵魂,脱离不了时间。这就牵连生命、历史等等等。也许,当我们都看透时间的本质和特质,我们就看到了自己的理想如何主宰灵魂和感情,也就看到了存在本身。海德格尔究竟写了什么样的《存在与时间》,我不知道;但这是我自己的领悟。

热切期盼的一本书

诺贝尔经济奖得主Amartya Sen目前在撰写一本新书,名为“The Idea Of Justice”。根据《海峡时报》对新书内容的预告,我有理由相信,这是我今年必定购买的书之一。

很喜欢访谈中的一句话:当你有改变现状的能力时,你有义务去想你应该做些什么(Whenever you have the power to make a difference, you have an obligation to think what you ought to do)。很多时候,我们畏惧谈及所被赋予的“权力”,因为潜意识中,那总和oppression有着某种亲缘关系。但是,一旦获得了权力,就真的有义务去思考某种能够让社会前进的方法,哪怕自己的影响力再小,哪怕自己与任何人一样都具有无限的局限性。这世界不会因你一个人说什么而翻天覆地,但至少,路边那朵不起眼的小花,能够因你的呵护而开得更灿烂。也许,这也就是我此刻对于自我定位的理解。

其实,任何的人,都可以做一个尽责的公民,只不过是我们愿不愿意而已。毕竟,社会有太多的不平等,而我们虽然会自认为“不平等”的受害方,但遥想那不远处没钱吃饭的一个孩子,我们真不能做些什么
? 期待政府来喂饱他,有何异于涸辙枯鱼?

--------

Affable and engaging, he added that the best thing Singapore can do to bolster its future is to ask: 'What can we do here which would be better for Singapore?'

Indeed, he was certain that Singaporeans could play 'a very important part' in global public reasoning, by which he meant fostering open dialogue 'to lead the world to a more safe and just place'.

Public reasoning is, in fact, at the core of the book he is writing now. Titled The Idea Of Justice, it examines how to get everyone to behave reasonably and make a difference to others 'without bringing in the obligation of power'.

He does so by rejecting the centuries- old social contract theory, which he finds limiting because it frames one's obligations as being conditional upon others fulfilling theirs. But, he demanded, how does one explain the many other crucial moral duties, such as that of a mother towards her children? 'There are duties you have to do no matter what is being done to you. But whenever you have the power to make a difference, you have an obligation to think what you ought to do.'

His other quarrel with the social contract theory is that it aims for a perfect state which, again, he found unrealistic. 'You have to judge things in a different way. (You have to ask:) 'Is it more just than that?' Whereas the contract approach is to say: 'Is it perfectly just?''

Prof Sen wants to urge everyone everywhere to abandon the idea of perfect states, and focus instead on enhancing justice. And he said the current economic crisis 'is a marvellous opportunity to re-examine policies'.

'Libertarian Paternalism'

I was rattling on and on over MSN to Mr. Bird about sociological terms, and suddenly he threw up a term that didn't seem difficult to comprehend at face value: 'libertarian paternalism'.

So being a new-age fossil of the cyberworld I headed to the 'state of the art' website a.k.a Google and searched it. I shan't go into the specifics, except that this is a term from behavioural economics.

Now all of a sudden I began having the urge to rattle again, like a rattle-snake that feels endangered - though not sure by what ominous forces out there, so I wrote the following to Bird to thank him for his inspiration to his 'intellectual entertainer' aka Me:

Interesting notion they have there, using an oxymoron of sorts to frame understanding of conflicting selves (now isn't this so similar to the notion of finding out our own 'identities' - who we are - which keep evolving over time), especially in an age of Reason overdose where we usually end up in logical antimony. But I'd wish they take the concept further, and try testing it as a theoretical proposition for sociology and political studies. I mean, if we simply return to this stage of societal transition in Singapore, aren't we often 'torn apart' by how we practise 'self-censorship' in the things we say? On one hand we wonder if we are being brainwashed by political hegemony; on the other we feel that is the best way to achieve functionalist notions of 'social cohesion and stability'. Any 'critical' Singaporean will end up in such a state that can be paradoxical at times, more so for a civil servant-to-be. It boils down to the same line of argument they had in the movie 'The Duchess': Is there such a thing as 'limited freedom'? Realize that 'libertarian paternalism' is somewhat the other side of a coin, at least in terminology. I think nowadays they've come to embrace complexity theories and reject notions that one can forecast and project possibilities of the future through linear deductions.. But my brain is still not capable of that so I shall stick to what I believe and see for now. At the end, I think where the government leads us will still be key. Power or otherwise, without dictatorship I think Singaporeans will still be pretty well off living in paradoxes as above which they'll seldom care about when they are engrossed in the superficial aspects of life. What is generally scary about young people, though, is that they easily reject whole-sale pretty everything in a logical chain when they are not happy with one element in that chain. Not happy with PAP, so everything the government says, they start looking for loopholes and reacts with sacarsm that is pretty 'kopi-tiam' in nature, except it spills over into the cyberworld. Scary thing if this trend spreads faster than educational policies can deal with it, isn't it.. How fast does it take to foster a 'comment and click' mentality, as opposed to an educational programme for teachers' guidance? Moreover, teens no longer want to listen to their elders, isn't it.. Unless those elders 'clique' with what they think and then gradually make them aware of the drawbacks of 'click' without responsibility.

I know, or at least hope, that our think-tanks are doing something to help resolve the dilemmas I see that are forming the undercurrents of change and call for greater 'liberalization' in our society. Functionalism, conflict theory, critical theory.. None seems sophisticated enough in this day and age - or is it that I have been unconsciously 'interpellated' into the post-modern discourse? Yet deep down I know that I am being pragmatic, and precisely because of pragmatism, I have absolutely no idea how to propose solutions to all these social trends that are constituting the reality I see. Perhaps, we do need more crises to pull people together, just like the recession happening at this moment. Yet, we cannot possibly starve people because we don't want them to think about higher-level needs. So, a return to Power that is more intricate, a power that is 'libertarian paternalistic' - or which at least appears to be so even to the discerning minds? Perhaps, but can we find politicians with that level of tact and sophistication? The new Cabinet members don't seem to give me that impression, yet.

2009年2月26日星期四

Reset mode

一种熟悉的味道,一种似曾相识的情景
一种冰凉寒气轻贴肌肤的触感
回来香港一个多月,课也都快结束了,我才有渐渐回到正轨上的知觉
很奇妙
仿佛是今昔路过去年凋零的紫荆树
而不知那含苞待放的新芽,是故人,还是新知……
也许,这就是时间的美妙
谁说人不能两次踏入同一条河内。

2009年2月24日星期二

世間有阿母惜的囝仔尚好命

江蕙-落雨聲
詞:方文山 曲:周杰倫

落雨聲 哪親像一條歌 誰知影 阮越頭嘸敢聽
異鄉的我 一個人起畏寒 寂寞的雨聲 捶阮心肝
人孤單 像斷翅的鳥只 飛袂行 咁講是阮的命
故鄉的山 永遠攏站置遐 阮的心晟只有講乎山來聽

來到故鄉的海岸 景色猶原攏總無變化
當初離開是為啥 你若問阮阮心肝就疼

你若欲友孝世大嘸免等好額 世間有阿母惜的囝仔尚好命
嘸通等成功欲來接阿母住 阿母啊 已經無置遐
你若欲友孝世大嘸免等好額 世間有阿母惜的囝仔尚好命
出社會走闖塊甲人拼輸贏 為著啥 家己嘸知影
你若欲友孝世大嘸免等好額 世間有阿母惜的囝仔尚好命
嘸通等成功欲來接阿母住 阿母啊 已經無置遐
哭出聲 無人惜命命

A paragraph I like

Read this paragraph in a book, and fell in love with it. I guess in an indirect way it has captured the essence of my internal dilemma - of being a civil servant-to-be and a independent columnist; of knowing the constraints of our Singaporean system while sensing the need for (radical) change in mindsets; of having to convince but not rejecting the possibility of 'positive' censorship of the truth (if there is such a thing); and of hoping to be 'free' while having to employ the use of 'unseen' power in Foucaultian style...

"Taught by the Frankfurt School of the psychically and socially, aesthetically and sexually destructive force of particular regimes of capital; offered a bleaker postwar version of the self by philosophic and literary existentialism; taught by Foucaultians about the impossibility of escape from normative discourses; and taught by postcolonialists and indigenous writers about the genocidal force of those phenomena that purported to know truth, justice and science, it is no surprise that many of us appear to be allergic to normativity, clinging to the necessary but somewhat safer intellectual haven of critique, and reluctant to get our hands dirty with the sticky matter of what educationally is to be done in these difficult conditions."
(From Allan Luke, "Curriculum, Ethics, Metanarrative", p. 23. In "Struggle over Differences: Curriculum, Texts and Pedagogy in the Asia-Pacific".)

2009年2月20日星期五

The best of times, the worst of times

我从未深刻理解狄更斯《双城记》的开场白,直到最近。

这里,转载五篇《联合早报》的评论文章。讨论的中心,围绕三个主题:德育、华文教学、以及中国学习新加坡经验的反思。没有一样不与我有关,而我虽然没有答案,却知道其中的很多观点都只是冰山一角。

德育的问题,不在于教不教《弟子规》,而是“道德”本身在新加坡语境中究竟指什么;“修身”是否真是自内而外,以“性善”为导向,抑或因法律和社会条文而长期以来在“性恶”的哲学基础上运作;以及,究竟作为“小学”的道德,在我们当下的现实中,是否就真局限于小学生;对于中学生,高中生,随着他们接触的事情多了,思想也更成熟了,我们又如何为他们在道德和自我规范的领域内设置反思的空间……如此等等,竟无人谈论,不知是不敢谈,还是根本就没了解这一点。也许,这也正是《早报》慢慢与年轻人脱节的原因,也正是我所谓的“道学气过盛”,虽然还未僵死。当然,也可能,我们需要再挖得深一些,了解新加坡目前使用的这一套服务企业化和本地政治体制的“儒家传统”,自80年代被一群西方白皮肤老头子“发明”出来后,究竟对华社所推崇的、扎根于中国几年内传统的儒家思想,造成了什么样的影响。

语言教学问题,我们已经迈前了一步,但相信我吧,各位,优质的教学法绝对无法解决语言水平下降的趋势,至多只是将其步伐放慢。理由很简单:华文的学习缺乏内在动力。从现象的层面,这很容易理解:离开学校,步出社会后,基本上不需要华文华语,除非你在中国有“切身利益”。但我们也正因为总停留在这个层面,所以最后就在现象上饶圈圈。问题的实质,难道不是这样:语言已经和作为华人的身份认同逐渐脱节了。我的华文好不好,并不改变我是否作为华人的“事实”。其背后还暗藏着我们对race(种族)和ethnicity(民族)的混淆,而这种扎根于“血脉”的定位,是政府为国民精心设计的。于是,失去方言,甚至,失去华文,越来越不算件大事,因为既然作为华人的身份是生理决定的“既定事实”,就无需过分依赖“文化”(好公民课的“道德”除外),也就不需要“载道”的“文”来让我了解自己是谁。这也就是造成“华人就应该学华语”的逻辑论点逐步瓦解、迈向“华语cool”、“通商中国”这类符合新加坡“企业化”导向的华文推行与教学现象的本质原因。当然,要回到上述论述中,进一步挖掘其背后的原因和结果,是可以的;但那就已经足以我写一篇博士论文,所以就暂且打住。

至于中国学习新加坡的经验,其实就一句话:官员不能肤浅,研究机构不能无知。我和你都是黄皮肤,但我比你早学吃辣椒,所以我的消化系统已经适应了那种外来刺激;你现在开始吃辣椒,不去让自己的肠胃适应辣椒的特质,而试图为我的消化系统是怎么适应的,甚至要把我的消化系统借来用,最后不就不伦不类吗……中国的骨子里对西方经验是抗拒的,特别到了当下后现代,西方社会出现种种社会问题和思想错乱,更是让中国抗拒借鉴西方模式。但新加坡能给中国的,真的就是那么一点,拿玩就完了。我最多能教你的,不外是如何不去咬最辛辣的部位,但那之后,你必须自己吃吃看,然后自我调适!中国那一大批一大批的教授、博士、知识分子,难道就是培养出来充数的吗?是不是,连这重视“传统”的泱泱大国,也已经畏惧面对自己的历史,特别是西学东渐的那些片段

--------------------------------

德育教学法应该活泼生动

(2009-02-20)

沈文凤

  道德教育的目的是要灌输正确的价值观,教导正确的行为习惯。要培养优秀、杰出的人,不可以忽略了德育这一项。

  学校的教科书有"好公民"、"道德教育"等,也有安排课堂教学时间。不过,不少学校在许多时候都没有认真地给学生上课,有的公民道德课被利用来补课;因此一些家长会发现学生们的好公民课本就像是几乎从未翻阅似的,和新书没两样。

  "学好三年,学坏三天",对于良好的行为习惯,都得花上好长一段时间才会培养成,教导学生正确的思想价值观念并不是轻而易举的工作。说教方式令人厌烦,学生难免会有"你很烦,很讨厌"的感觉。

  现在本地的小孩,已难以令他们用"背诵强记"的方法来学习道德准则。就算能令他们把道德法规背诵得朗朗上口又如何?可能他们背诵的道德准则并不了解,那么德育的灌输仍然形同虚设。

   要展开德育,言教身教缺一不可,相辅相成。通过实际的例子来教导会更实际有效。在教学的过程中,配合了图片、影片、表演、讨论的方式、做组别计划报告 等,远比"背记"方式有效。生活中的一些实例,也可以引进让学生们讨论、分析,作出正确的判断,如:有人乱丢垃圾被判牢改和罚款,再犯……,有人热心助 人,有人在禁烟区内抽烟,有子女抛弃年老的父母……

  家庭教育起着举足轻重的作用。小孩从小耳闻目睹的情境,许多行为习惯就这样自然形成的。父母的言教身教可说是"入门"和"开锁",试想想:你告诉孩子不可抽烟,而自己又在他们面前抽,你说孩子怎不心中萌生疑问:为什么爸爸说不能抽烟,却自己又抽烟呢?

  枯燥乏味的东西再以死板板的方式去传递,变成是强行记忆教条,孩子心中是否接受,难以确知,也许还会产生反效果呢?

  有些小孩阅读的图书,内容是"好的习惯","好的行为","怎么做个好孩子","怎么做个好学生","自己事,自己做"……甚至有独立主题的书,内容好,其中也穿插色彩缤纷的图片、照片等。如能多采用这类教材,多让孩子阅读,或者看,或者说讲给他们听,成效更大。


《弟子规》有其存在价值

(2009-02-20)

● 黄添崃

  读了吴韦材的大作《背〈弟子规〉不如看〈大长今〉》(2月18日《联合早报·言论》),如鲠在喉,不吐不快。笔者无意卷入"各是其所是,各非其所非"的口水战中,只想尽量简短的分享自己学习《弟子规》的一点心得,供读者参考。

  2002年,因为想要教好刚满1周岁的女儿,开始参加居士林"耕心园"儿童读经班义务教学的工作,也是从那个时候开始才接触到《弟子规》。直到今年,刚好满7年了。对于这部经典,有些体会。

  首先,《弟子规》强调的是:实实在在的去"做",不是:信口开河的"说"。在"耕心园"里,义工老师都时常提醒孩子们,怎样才算是会读《弟子规》:"做到了才算是会读,没做到就是不会读"。

  所以,学习《弟子规》绝对不能停留在背诵的阶段。背诵之后,还要通过讲故事、角色扮演、分享心得(也可以包括观赏《大长今》等传达良好价值观的好影片。)等多种方式来帮助孩子们理解,然后师生们各自回到生活中去落实。

  《弟子规》内容共分为七个部分,前六个部分谈的都是"行",只有最后一部分才谈"知"。所以,凡是想要从《弟子规》中获得深奥道理的人,都注定是要失望的。凡是想要落实《弟子规》的人,也都知道《弟子规》是需要"活到老,学到老,学不了"的。

   明白了这点,我们就可以明白,《弟子规》并不只是用来教导年幼的孩子的,而是父母、老师终身学习的教材,言传身教的"剧本"。就如演戏要有剧本,弹琴要 有乐谱,做人也要有"谱"。《弟子规》就是"人谱"。所谓:"教儿教女,先教自己",父母口说一套,做的却是另外一套,孩子哪能信服,哪能学好《弟子 规》?要知道,只有孝顺,才能够教会孝顺;只有爱心,才能够教会爱心;只有信任,才能够教会信任。

  最后,想分享一点学习《弟子规》的真 实感受。回想2002年,我和太太都三十多岁了,才第一次接触到《弟子规》,弄明白了《弟子规》的内容后,我们不由得感叹说:如果我们能够在小时候就学习 《弟子规》,就能够避免很多错误,少走很多冤枉路了。奉劝反对《弟子规》的朋友们:先花三个月好好学习《弟子规》,才来发言。我想,这样的要求应该不算过 分。

  作者是中学高级教师


如何培养学生学习华语的兴趣

(2009-02-20)

● 田萌

  华文在新加坡的商业和生活中越来越重要。不光华族本身,就连很多他族国人也开始注重华文华语的学习。政府也逐年加大了对华文教育的财力 和人力投入。例如,每年的讲华语运动,引进更高水平的师资队伍,编写更好更生动的华文教材等。但是由于新加坡生活环境的特殊性,在一个以英文为第一交流语 言环境里,华语的学习还是面临着很大的挑战。在此,笔者想谈谈一些看法和心得。

  我认为,培养学生学习华语的兴趣极为重要。有实验证明,课堂教学在高兴、愉快的情绪中进行,学生当堂学习效果与一般情绪下的学习效果相比,能提高大约20%,反之,课堂教学在不高兴、低沉的情绪中进行,教学效果则下降35%。

   创设情境是培养兴趣的最有效手段。当教师在指导学生读书的过程中,结合学生的生活实际和理解能力把课文所表现的内容和情节通过语言描述、实物演示、音乐 渲染、表演描绘等手段直观地展示在学生面前时,就会使学生有一种身临其境的感觉,自然地产生和课文内容有关的联想和想象,激发出强烈的求知欲望。创设情境 还能帮助学生更准确地理解课文内容,从而更好地体会作者的思想感情。

  

利用多种辅助教材和手法

  面对不同 年龄的学生,需要用不同的方法来引导他们的学习兴趣。例如对于低年级的儿童,动画和童话故事对他们有很强的吸引力;而对高年级的青少年来说,明星、游戏以 及新生的事物往往会引起他们的共鸣。所以,对于不同年龄层次的学生来讲,了解他们感兴趣的方面,在华语教学中是不容忽视的一个部分,以此为切入点,会达到 事倍功半的教育效果。

  低年级的学生不喜欢一成不变地背诵课文及单字。因此,要了解学生感兴趣的东西。曾有报道说,贪玩的学生为了看懂日 产游戏的原版攻略,而自学日语直至能轻松读写的例子。因此,老师可通过一些华语的游戏与学生建立关系。然后运用图片或影片等多媒体方式,一边教授学生,一 边也学习他们的语言,再对比华文进行讲解。这样不但使学生认为和老师之间没有太多的隔阂,可以更加轻松地交流,也会让学生对所学的知识有了多方面的强化记 忆刺激,可以记得更牢。教师也可以提前准备好一些剪纸、华语歌曲光碟、风景名胜照片等特殊的教具,让孩子们在这样的华语文化氛围中学习,无疑能培养学生的 学习兴趣。利用多媒体教学也是一个不错的选择。使用这些辅助手段,可以激发学生的好奇心和求知欲望,增强课堂的趣味性。

  另外,可用精彩的表演,激活学生丰富的想像力,培养学生合作学习的兴趣。通过让学生参与表演课文内容,可以极大地调动学习极积性,小组与小组展开竞赛,唤起了学生积极向上的竞赛兴趣。这样,学生的个性在课堂上得到了充分的张扬,学生的潜能得到了充分的发挥。

  学以致用

  比如,我们在教学生认识单字的过程中,可以通过儿歌引导学生记住歌词,并对每首儿歌做到会说、会唱、会表演动作。同时,启发学生注意歌 词中每个字的字形特点和字与字之间的前后位置关系,这样学生就会很容易地认识生字。比如在教"祝"字时,可以先引导学生记住"祝你生日快乐"这句歌词,并 指导学生注意观察"祝"字的字形特点和"祝"字的位置是在"你"字之前,这样,孩子就会根据已记住的"祝你生日快乐"这句歌词,很容易地认出"祝"字。

   还有,就是以"学以致用"为指导原则,通过场景模拟和社会实践的方法来达到教学的目的。现在不少学生来自讲英语的家庭,他们只有在课堂上才会接触华文, 在其他场合少有开口讲华语。那么,老师可以像导演一样为学生设定生活场景,既可以请学生现场表演,也可以让学生以做家庭作业的形式,主动去寻找合适的语言 和句型。当老师在检查学生的作业时,就可以发现发音、语法、句型和词义的理解上的缺失,进而有针对性地进行专项教学。当学生发现自己的所学可以在生活中经 常用到,自然会有越来越多的兴趣自主学习了。

  当然,华文的内涵深厚广大,适时地进行哲学、心理、诗歌方面的介绍,也会对学生有很大益 处。归根究底,华语的学习既离不开常规的音、字、词、句,又要以多样方式来辅助调动,才能达到好的学习效果。如何培养学生学习华文的兴趣,是华文教师在教 学活动中值得大力探讨和研究的。这在教学中的具体途径甚多,就看我们如何去运用。我想在这方面是值得我们花大力气去思考、去探索的。

  

学习新加坡经验不能庸俗化

(2009-02-20)

● 陆建义

  客观地说,新加坡确实有很多经验值得中国学习。无论是新加坡的政治制度、政党建设,还是新加坡的招商引资、城市建设、社会管理等,都有很多独到的东西。他们的做法既不同于西方国家,也不同于东方国家,是独特的新加坡经验。

  如公积金制度、拥车证制度、组屋制度、医疗健保制度、裕廊工业区的整体招商等,都是新加坡所独有的,是新加坡人在借鉴他人经验基础上的创新。

   但是中国的国情和新加坡有很大的不同。新加坡是人口、地域小国;而中国是人口、地域大国。新加坡是城市国家,没有农村,只有一级政府;而中国城乡差别巨 大、东西部发展不平衡,行政工作层次多,十分复杂。这种国情上的巨大差距,使很多中国人觉得新加坡经验可看不可学。到新加坡一看热血沸腾,回到国内又觉得 无从下手。有些在新加坡行之有效的方法,拿到国内就变了样。这是很多地方学习新加坡经验的困惑之处。

  

实事求是与时俱进

  实际上,要把新加坡的经验照搬到中国是不可能的,也是很危险的。新加坡经验可以学习借鉴,但不能照搬照抄。应该说,学习创造了新加坡经验的新加坡精神,比学习新加坡经验本身来得更加重要。

  新加坡经验的实质是两条,一是实事求是,二是与时俱进,这是一切新加坡经验的源泉,是新加坡人的致胜法宝。有人可能说,实事求是和与时俱进,这太没新意了吧?可是很多事情就是这样,说到底有的道理并不复杂,关键是如何把这些道理落实在行动中。

  李光耀说过,"我是从这样的一个基本原则出发的:不要顾虑理论。所有令人感兴趣的理论都是有趣的,但它对新加坡是否有效?它对其他国家有效吗?仔细研究后,试试看,如果无效就尝试另一种制度,这是我们取得进步的方式。"

   新加坡的很多成功做法,并不是从一开始就成功的,不少做法都经过了一个不断调试、改进、完善的过程。并且根据情况变化,处在不断的改进和完善中。如新加 坡的拥车证制度,刚开始时政府对拥车证的数量控制很严,这保证了道路的通畅但拥车证价格很高,人们对过高的拥车证价格有意见。后来政策就作了适当调整,增 加了拥车证的供给数量,使更多的人能买得起车,但道路拥挤的问题又凸现出来。再后来,政府不得不增加对道路使用的收费,用更多的公路电子收费保持交通通 畅……新加坡经验并不是固有的,它是新加坡人在实践中的创造,并处在不断优化之中。在实践中,新加坡也有一些做法是失败的,只是他们能较好地从失败中吸取 教训,最终取得成功。不少来自中国的学习者过于注重新加坡的具体做法,以一种静态眼光看待新加坡经验,而忽略新加坡经验的实质,这是十分错误的。

学新加坡须有创新精神

  新加坡政府总能根据实际情况制订政策,并对政策进行不断检讨和改进。他们不受框框的约束,只要是行之有效的 政策,就会坚持;他们以一种国际眼光审视自己的政策,积极借鉴和吸收他国的经验,并使之新加坡化;他们以一种时代的、前瞻性的眼光检讨已有的政策,对那些 不适应于实际变化的政策及时进行改进,有时甚至是作出反向的调整。总之,新加坡经验是处于变化中的、发展中的。

  在学习新加坡经验时,新 加坡的一些具体做法固然值得学习借鉴,但更重要的是要学习新加坡经验的实质。新加坡国立大学东亚研究所所长郑永年说:"制度性的东西跟产品不一样,不是一 双鞋,学着造就能造出来。"他认为向新加坡学习,一定要有自己的创新精神,而不应"流于模仿"。

  看到一期又一期中国官员的培训班走马灯 似地在新加坡举办,一个又一个来自中国的招商活动走马灯似地在新加坡进行,一批又一批中国的参观者走马灯似地在新加坡访问,我不禁感到疑问,中国人究竟在 以一种什么样的心态在向新加坡学习?学习新加坡经验一定要到新加坡来吗?如果把向新加坡学习仅仅理解为一种形式,只是到新加坡走一走,看一看;搞一哄而 上,一阵风;甚至只是借机到新加坡公费旅游一番,这样的学习未免太庸俗化了,就变了味,也决不可能收到实在的效果。学习新加坡经验决不能庸俗化,否则不仅 学不到新加坡的真经,也是对新加坡经验的亵渎。

  作者是中国湖北《孝感日报》副总编辑,2008年曾在南洋理工大学"中国市长班"学习一年


也谈中国的新加坡研究

(2009-02-20)

● 张仁美

  1月31日,早报言论发表了韩山元对中国学者研究新加坡的中肯评语。韩先生认为一些中国学者在研究新加坡发展经验时往往把新加坡塑造成正面教材,忽略了其不足和多面性。韩先生认为这种现象之所以产生是因为"中国人……照他们自己的需要来研究新加坡"。

  

政治考量

   笔者大致同意韩先生的观点,然而得指出韩先生所谓的研究新加坡的中国学者其实只是那些比较亲官方的学者。我们可以理解亲官方学者为一般上不处于官方系统 职位但身居国家事业单位的学者。由于他们的位置,很多时候,他们考虑的研究问题是以国家的角度来衡量的。因此,当借鉴他山之石时,这些学者也在考虑如何提 炼复杂的国外个案来附和国内政治的考量。

  在此同时,许多研究新加坡的亲官方学者也难跨出邓小平当年提倡向新加坡学习所设的研究范畴。如 新加坡东亚所黄朝翰教授的论文提及,当年邓小平向新加坡这弹丸小国取经有两个目的:一是学习岛国在恶劣的条件下是如何在环球化的资本主义系统里取得长期的 经济成长。二则是新加坡领袖是如何在高度经济发展和变化下保持中央政权。

  这两个考虑都与当时中国国内局势息息相关。无庸置疑,这两个课 题也继续困扰着今时今日的中国当局者。因此,出谋划策的也继续挖掘能适用于国内的新加坡经验。同时,打着金字招牌(拜中国国内早期成功为新加坡宣传和新加 坡不遗余力地向中国转移其经验所赐)的新加坡楷模,更是亲官方学者无往不利的教材,没有不好的,尽是解诀奇难杂症的灵丹妙药。

  

把新中研究推向新高峰

   其实对新加坡成功发展经验持不同看法的中国人大有人在。他们当中许多在海外留学工作过,甚至曾在新加坡待过,对新加坡有着真实深刻的体验。虽然他们感觉 新加坡用人唯贤,清廉有效的制度值得中国学习,但他们也明白新加坡的一套难在方方面面复杂的中国实行。他们也看到过去新加坡在特有历史条件下所创造出来的 有利因素随着经济大环境的变化而软化,并得进行改革。

 值得中国学习的新加坡经验应该是有目共睹的,多方面证实的研究。它不该是单方面的理解也不该是指定人士所营造的研究范围。这种研究流于浮面,样板化了新 加坡,很难掌握新加坡过去和未来发展的思路,其独特的际遇和其经验的适用性。有用于中国的新加坡教训不止应该是正面的也应当是质疑反思的。

  新加 坡现今的发展经验在某方面仍然对中国往后发展有帮助如国有企业金融改革。因此,能真正地了解新加坡模式将为两国带来有意义有实惠的交流。在促进这更深层次 的交流,身为我国主要研究中国的学术机构并作为中国学者研究新加坡的窗口,东亚所应当带头避开目前研究的误区,辟立研究的新方向。虽然此任务并非容易(它 面临了观念转变和资源重新评估的问题),但是东亚所应当展现其学术领导能力和远景,把新中研究推向另一个高峰。

  作者是教育工作者

谁能够告诉我

谁能够告诉我,康德之后,对于“美”的理解,在哲学领域的认识论有什么样的前进

谁能够告诉我,感性得很知性,应该怎样放在中国诗歌的领域中来理解


谁能够告诉我,修身若不是为了齐家治国平天下,有什么意义


谁能够告诉我,当时间轮转着笔直向前时,我是活着当下、过去还是未来


谁能够告诉我,
如果没有了上帝,除了“我”这个词之外,我是否存在

谁能够告诉我,不思考普世伦理,“空”是否成立,又是否可解


谁能够告诉我,我究竟要—谁— 告诉 —我 —什么—


2009年2月17日星期二

印度贫民窟:生命与希望的缩影

(此文刊登于上周日的《联合早报》“新声带”栏目。)

@ 陈炜雄

春节期间,大家都爱看贺岁片。同个时期,在不庆祝华人新年的印度,却有一部电影,还未在当地的戏院上映,就已占据了新闻、报章等媒体的大块版面,成为了舆论的热点。其轰动程度,与不久前在本地掀起一阵“土生热”的《小娘惹》相比,有过之而无不及。

这部由英国公司制作、全片在印度拍摄的电影,名为“Slumdog Millionaire”,中文可直译为《贫民窟狗崽百万富翁》。故事改编自同名小说,讲述一个出生在贫民窟的十八岁男孩,参加了印度版的“百万大赢家”游戏节目,正确答对了十二个问题,却在节目结束后被指控诈骗而被逮捕。没受过正规教育的“贫民窟狗崽”,如何能正确回答连医生、律师、教授都不一定能正确回答的问题?在警官回顾节目录像带,逐题盘问之下,男孩回忆了一段段的成长经历,解释自己如何由此懂得答案,最终成为名副其实的百万富翁。

当在友人的博客上读到关于电影在印度引起的反响时,我不禁回想起2007年到印度新德里的贫民窟义务教学的日子。当时,印象最深刻的,是一般市民对于贫民窟的漠视。就连高速天桥下那成群的流浪者,或是每个街口都会出现的小乞丐,也如同路上的牛、马、狗一样,只不过是混乱中的点缀,犹如无时无刻贴敷在肌肤上的细细尘埃。车辆还会给白牛让路,却不知每天有多少孩子一个“不小心”就因此丧命。但是,没有人会在乎。就如摆在家中的花瓶,开始时能掀起心头的激动,但久而久之,我们压根儿就看不见它。

此时,一部电影,却让一般的印度国民擦亮自己的眼睛,正视活在那堵社会隐形墙另一边的同胞,哪怕“流行”有其时效,贫富悬殊也并非一朝一夕能消解。

然而,这部电影最令人为之动容的,也许是它将贫民窟及生活在其中的人身上所具有的生命力表现得淋漓尽致。电影的画面,除了勾起身临其境的熟悉感,也让我想起当时在日记里写下的一段文字:不透气的小窗,见证黑暗第一道曙光 / 缝隙中的天堂,蔚蓝点缀着白色苍茫 / 野狗趴在沟渠旁,双眼依旧懒洋洋 / 苍蝇却已惊慌,带领世人迈向熙熙攘攘。

穿行在贫民窟中的羊肠小径,经过一家又一家,人有时是没有知觉的。直到听见婴儿的啼哭,或是站在一个上锁的小庙时,才会有稍稍的伤感。但身边突然跑过几个光着屁股的小孩,乌黑的肌肤在微弱的阳光中发亮;或是当学生在停电的仓库中,以圆溜溜的大眸子凝视快被汗水淹没的自己,露出对知识和学习的渴望时,生命的意义在哪里,希望又为何物,是顿然明了的事。

那一个月里,我听到了许多故事,见到了很多人。每一个贫民窟里的故事,都是一次冲击——有时令人雀跃、惊喜,但大部分时候都是揪心、惆怅的。随处可见的神像,守护着当地人,却也象征着保守势力的根深蒂固。孩子们每天都会弯下腰,以手触碰我的脚尖,然后亲吻自己的手,表示祝福与尊敬。但是,在一片嬉笑打闹之中,他们却总是不失自豪地带我参观他们的住所,不论八岁或是十八岁。问他们有什么梦,他们经常哑然;但是,问他们喜欢什么电影,得到的答案,必然是枪林弹雨或主角具有超能力的英雄片。也许,对他们而言,那就是梦的化身。

此刻,我在遥想,当我曾教导过的那些孩子,有机会观赏这部电影时,他们会有何感想?《贫民窟狗崽百万富翁》的主角,不再是“肌肉男”或超人,而是仿佛从他们当中走出来的一个男孩。与现实离得太近,是否会反而使电影显得虚假?或者,就如制片人和我们这些贫民窟之外的观众所期许的那样,孩子本有的希望与对生命的自信,能因主人公的成功而得以巩固?

(作者是香港大学硕士研究生。

2009年2月15日星期日

原来

原来真实的你
喜欢躲在煽情的文字里

原来畏惧接触的身体
都是你面具之下的逃避

原来

你在渴望的东西
就是期待我走入你的心

我们都是还未长大的蝼蚁
在世间的某个角落寻寻觅觅

你说,我每次的出现
都是你生命重心的一次冲击

可我
难道就已看清本真的自己

结果,除了
三月的花
六月的风
仲秋的月
年末的雪
世界,还剩下什么


也许,是还有的
就在那巴黎圣母院的钟楼里
一对紧紧拥抱彼此的骸骨:
一个,背上有座凸起的小山
另一个,曾是星星那般璀璨,那般纯洁。

Dream

For all that I could foresee, dream
Never too small, and none too big.
A little nation state, a minute individual
In a large world, equally perplexed.
A framework, that's what we need - a
perspective that puts us rightly where we see
who we imagine ourselves to be;
and political masters - Gods, as we call them
who in times of adversity, waves
a wand that casts magic
upon the dissident, the coffeeboy, the public servant, the banker
clown on the streets, entertaining
disgruntled families with empty pockets
but smiles put on, their faces lit
as the tune blasts the surreal skies of ruby
and a crescent made of ivory.
Majulah Singapura!

2009年2月14日星期六

To live in the Borderlands means you

@ By Gloria Anzaldua

To live in the Borderlands means you

are neither hispana india negra espanola

ni gabacha, eres mestiza, mulata, half-breed

caught in the crossfire between camps

while carrying all five races on your back

not knowing which side to turn to, run from;


To live in the Borderlands means knowing

that the india in you, betrayed for 5oo years,

is no longer speaking to you,

that mexicanas call you rajetas,

that denying the Anglo inside you

is as bad as having denied the Indian or Black;


Cuando vives en la frontera

people walk through you, the wind steals your voice,

you're a burra, buey, scapegoat,

forerunner of a new race,

half and half-both woman and man, neither -

a new gender;


To live in the Borderlands means

to put chile in the borscht,

eat whole wheat tortillas,

speak Tex-Mex with a Brooklyn accent;

be stopped by la migra at the border checkpoints;


Living in the Borderlands means you fight hard to

resist the gold elixir beckoning from the bottle,

the pull of the gun barrel,

the rope crushing the hollow of your throat;


In the Borderlands

you are the battleground

where enemies are kin to each other;

you are at home, a stranger,

the border disputes have been settled

the volley of shots have shattered the truce

you are wounded, lost in action

dead, fighting back;


To live in the Borderlands means

the mill with the razor white teeth wants to shred off

your olive-red skin, crush out the kernel, your heart

pound you pinch you roll you out

smelling like white bread but dead;


To survive the Borderlands

you must live sin fronteras

be a crossroads.


And just another wandering soul..

直到最近,我才明白这几年在外国给我带来什么。

飘浮久了,回过头来才发觉原来身边有着一大群被我忽略了的兄弟姐妹们。

小学的回忆,说实在的已经忘得七七八八了。许多的朋友们至今还有保持联系,已是值得庆幸的事。毕竟,有时我真觉得自己配不上他们,因为付出的实在太少……

中学的朋友,也只有几名是经常联系的。似乎,我也很少去维持什么关系,因为每个阶段的生命,总仿佛重新洗牌。虽然,有些朋友,再次见到了是不会尴尬的。

初院的同学,估计因为班级小,所以怎么说还是比较经常联系的。但忙起来的时候,也就一年见不上两面。

复旦的兄弟们,虽然彼此有种心照不宣的相互体认,但分道扬镳后,联系也难免少了。

友情,本看似无所谓烦恼,却发觉当心无限量地留下所有过客的影子,情感线却慢慢淡化,直到不再联络,以致造成陌生……

有时,站在友谊之灵前可以问心无愧,却不见得就能得到所有人的谅解。

但可能也有这样,才有可能割去人生太多的负担,踏上别人未敢走的路,义无反顾。

有些梦,也许只有付出孤单的代价才能换得。自怜,从来不在选择范围内,因为那只会叫自己显得懦弱。

也就这样沿着个体的路走下去,就慢慢地向往在发展中国家度过成年后的生活:印度、阿富汗、伊朗、非洲……也许,这是一个渺小灵魂试图找寻的大世界——一个属于他,亦属于一切心影的世界。

我,已厌恶那难以达意的文字。所以,决定用心灵和行动去消耗自己,直到那时不时隐隐作痛的心脏,顿然停息的一瞬间。

2009年2月12日星期四

Some quotes

Love is something eternal. The aspect may change. But not the essence. -- Vincent Van Gogh

When it comes to money, we are all of the same religion. --Voltaire

Man is born free. But everywhere he is in chains. --Rousseau

A friend should be a master at guessing and keeping still: you must not want to see everything. --Nietzche

Arrogance on the part of the meritorious is even more offensive to us than the arrogance of those without merit: for merit itself is offensive. --Nietzche

登山

岁初夕阳,披着冬末薄绸
泛出微笑,抹一幅腼腆轮廓
思恋,隐垂倦怠眼眸
喜气,皮毛轻抚寒过
近透竹林,远映山城
无痕微舟
海峡,尽是琼浆璧火

2009年2月6日星期五

From immigrants to self-exploration

The Singapore government is proposing a 'national integration council' to bridge the gaps between locals and foreign immigrants. Sometimes, I really think we need to reconsider our 'committees and panels' style of governance that is already becoming a 'naturalized mindset' most Singaporeans don't think too much of. In HK, the public and members of the LegCo often question the composition and effectiveness of consultation teams. In a case like integration of immigrants, one should wonder if a top-down approach is the best way forward.

One trick of the government, though, that I discovered recently is that it always tries to prevent stark dichotomies by shaping a third 'field' of identity - a centre that all parties have to move towards. However such a strategy tends to fail when the gravity of that centre is not strong enough, or when there are visible, immutable traits present in any one of these parties. In the case of immigration, the core - Singapore citizenship - is not strong as it is not well-defined and is plagued by accusations of economic pragmatism and instrumentality i.e. foreigners come because they want the money, and they will leave when the pot of gold is finished. At the same time, the local community has already developed some features that define us as 'local Singaporeans', including the Singaporean accent that is often hard to reverse. This sets up a mentality that can be expressed by Nietzsche term 'resentment' in his On the Genealogy of Morals. Resentment is conceptualized as 'the specific practice of identity displacement, in which the social actor consolidates his identity by a complete disavowal of the merits and existence of his social other'. So, one becomes 'good' by constructing the 'other' as evil. No matter how hard the government tries to highlight the necessity of immigrants so as to prevent a 'COMPLETE disavowal of the merits' of foreigners, some traits never change and so the foreigner, no matter how hard we try, will still appear as an opposing existence to us. And because some collective memories such as colonialism, backwardness of China and India etc has yet been totally erased from our genes, even within foreigners that we see collectively as 'the other', we tend to impose different stereotypical opinions and see foreigners in different light depending on their colors, nationalities and social classes.

Now, a 'pragmatic' Singapore may not talk about all these, but we all know these distinctions exist - we feel the undercurrents, and occasionally see waves. And come to think of it, 'pragmatism' itself as a national discourse is in fact an attempt to prevent us from conceptualizing and understanding all these underlying differences, isn't it
? It tries to stop 'cultural politics of differences' from arising, but while it's worked since Independence I wonder how much longer such a rhetorical stand can withstand the tides of globalization and call for self-expressions, particularly with P-65 politicians who are increasingly losing the tactfulness of the Old Guard. The thing is, all these issues will sooner or later surface with the resistance towards over-prominence of government rhetoric portrayed by the mainstream media, globalization as brought to us through the Internet, and increasing individualisation in which everybody strives to 'know oneself' so as to try to control every part of one's Being. Is this not the case with most of us today, regardless of whether we do have a conscious idea of the influences upon us? I have always been wary not to be fall into the fallacious traps of post-modernism and post-structuralism, and I acknowledge that there is much we can draw from past traditions and present practices. Nonetheless I just think that our mindset of escapism from facing up to all these issues has to be corrected. It is in us not to think deep into what the Western societies are going through, presumably because we have grown up in a web of discourses that make us believe that talking about all these issues is 'bad' and 'detrimental' to the functioning of society. But ideas are infiltrating into our society, and youths are catching on, so it is time we reacted as well. The present state of affairs please us, but if we see potential problems then we need to get to the root of things and try to formulate ways to pre-empt the sweeping degradation of social values. That is one thing I learnt from Chinese educated youths of the present and the past. At the end of the day, I still believe in governance by a core group of politicans, but it is only when we live as individuals with a sense of responsibility to the collective that we break free from Asian culture of suppression (of expression, of ideas, of the right to THINK freely) for control, but also do not end up like the ultra-individualist West.

2009年2月4日星期三

多一个月,樱花盛开的时节

你现在听到的第一首背景音乐,名为《Sakura》,也就是《樱花》。

在日本,以“樱花”命名的歌不少。这首,却特别感人,也特别美丽。且看歌词:

Surely we're waiting,
for the day we can see you again.
On the street lined with cherry blossom trees
We'll wave our hands and yell out.

Whenever we suffer or start to lose heart
We feel we can hang in there
because you're smiling.
We can hear the song from back then
from in those hazy scenes.

cherry blossoms
now in full bloom
scattered fleetingly
I know it's fate,
farewell my friend.
when it's time to leave on your journey,
with that unchanging feeling.
now...

I wonder if now we can say those words without pretense.
Words from the heart,
Words to hope for your bright future.
It's as if the bustling city is rushing us.

cherry blossoms
just floating to the ground
believing one day they'll be reborn
Don't cry my friend, It's a shame but it's time to go
with that unadorned smile...
ahh

cherry blossoms
now flying in the air
eternally rustling
awash in light
farewell my friend
let's meet again here.
on the street scattered with cherry blossoms.


(Japanese lyrics in romaji)

bokura ha kitto matteru
kimi to mata aeru hibi wo
sakura namiki no michi no ue de
te wo furi sakebu yo
donna ni kurushii toki mo
kimi ha waratteiru kara
kujikesou ni
narikakete mo
gambareru ki ga shita yo
kasumiyuku keshiki no naka ni
ano hi no uta ga kikoeru

sakura sakura
ima sakihokoru
setsuna ni chiriyuku
sadame to shitte
saraba tomo yo
tabidachi no toki
kawaranai sono omoi wo
ima

ima nara ieru darou ka
itsuwari no nai kotoba
kagayakeru kimi no mirai wo negau
hontou no kotoba
utsuriyuku machi ha maru de
bokura wo sekasu you ni

sakura sakura
tada maiochiru
itsuka umarekawaru
toki wo shinji
naku na tomo yo ima sekibetsu no toki
kazaranai ano egao de
saa

sakura sakura
iza maiagare
towa ni sanzameku
hikari wo abite
saraba tomo yo
mata kono basho de aou
sakura maichiru
michi no ue de


2009年2月1日星期日

小学教育检讨:仍需更多“家长教育”

自本世纪初,新加坡的教育生态就不断地出现转变。大大小小的制度检讨与改革,乘着“全球化”、“新世纪公民”等在世界范围具有主导性权力的话语巨浪,为本地教育注入新元素,并在许多方面注入新生机。每一波的改革,虽然在初期总难免面对来自不同方面的阻力,教师尤其是闻“改”色变,但事实是,当经济体制、文化样式、意识形态等方面在急速转变并相互渗透的时候,教育机构无可避免地必须进行相应的调整。

回顾过去八年的制度检讨,不难发现,改革的重心放在了中学以上的阶段,包括设立第四所大学、中学毕业后“殊途同归”的多元性出路、中学直通车课程等。小学与幼儿教育阶段,虽有废除分流、语文课程改革等举措,则迟迟未听闻体制上的检讨。也许,这具有策略性意义——先解决了离就业与择业最近的阶段,再回过头来放眼长远,“整肃”基础教育。当然,也可能如部长所指出的,目前的小学制度,根基扎实,无需大幅度的改变。

不论之前是无暇顾及小学教育,或是本着“放长线钓大鱼”的心思去慢慢“雕琢”21世纪的小学教育生态,本周公布的《小学教育检讨及执行委员会初步建议报告》,算是本地教育界的佳音,哪怕迟了些。其主要建议,涵盖了教学法、课堂评估与反馈、师资素质与专业提升、单班制度、硬件设施的增加等方面,强调个体的全面发展,重视“软技能”、价值观及“硬知识”的平衡。

作为一个教育学系的研究生,报告书的建议对我来说并不难消化,而且很明显地在试图与西方发达国家的基础教育进一步接轨、靠拢。然而,我真的很怀疑,有多少家长能够明白报告书的内容与教育部的用心?又有多少的小学教师有能力充当“代言人”,从孩子长远发展的角度,让家长信服于新制度?

对于任何的教育事业而言,家长都是不容忽视的支柱之一,也在相当的程度上掌握某种权力,有时甚至足以左右教育工作者的行为与决策。然而,家长也是最现实的。特别是在小学阶段,潜藏在许多家长脑后的观念也许始终是让孩子拼成绩,希望孩子在学业上有所长进。这是本地教育与社会制度长久以来所造就的心态,无可厚非,但如果不在这次检讨中与家长进行足够的沟通,就可能出现以下的局面:课堂上寓教于乐的教学法,在家长眼中或许是无关紧要的游戏;孩子偶尔没有功课,教师还会被投诉;强调“全人发展”的新计划,重视体育与美育,但家长为孩子找的补习班,频率不一定会减少,于是孩子疲惫不堪;低年段的质性评估,小学生不一定能向家长清楚解释其中的含义,家长也不一定有兴趣了解评价标准的细节。

我也许有“诽谤家长”之嫌,但我不认为《小孩不笨》中刻画的家长是社会的少数,更不信服于新时代会使那类家长成为“过去式”。《海峡时报》留言板上许多关于“下来,是时候改革补习中心了”的调侃式意见,是有几分真理的。制度变革最忌讳的,便是被家长、学生和教师视为多一些的工作和压力;而在这三方之中,家长经常是为另两方施压的共利益者(stakeholder)。特别是小学阶段,由于孩子还不被视为拥有自主权,因此家长所掌握的权力便更加的大。讽刺的是,《初步建议报告书》共五十八个段落,却只在中间不起眼的第三十二段,轻描淡写地提出“委员会相信家长是教育的关键共利益者,在小学教育中扮演特别重要的角色。为了达致所建议的举措,教育部应该与家长紧密合作,因为他们强有力的支持,将对实现全方位的小学教育,至关重要”(笔者译)。

不论最终的报告书是否对此冠冕堂皇的空洞建议有所补充,希望教育部能正视“家长教育”,协助教师与学校切实地增进与家长的沟通,减轻各方的担忧与负担。

(作者是香港大学硕士研究生。vocalxiong@gmail.com


And in vindication of my viewpoint, here's an article from today's Sunday Times:

Cheers and fears over move to scrap exams

Having no exams at P1 and P2 would make it hard for kids to cope later, say some parents
By Nur Dianah Suhaimi

You would think that parents would be happy with last week's news that a Ministry of Education committee has proposed to do away with exams at Primary 1 and Primary 2.
Not a good number of the 120 parents of young children surveyed in a Sunday Times poll.

Fifty-one parents wanted exams to be retained as they are concerned their children will not be able to cope with exams when they reach Primary 3.

And 65 of them felt that having tests throughout the year instead - as is being proposed - will cause more stress for their kids.

While most parents felt that English is an important subject which should be tested, 34 of them wanted their children to be examined in all three core subjects - English, Mathematics and Mother Tongue.

Others felt that children will become too complacent and will not be able to differentiate between small tests and major exams later.

The Primary Education Review and Implementation (Peri) Committee had felt that education at lower primary level should focus on building confidence and developing a love for learning which cannot be achieved with the current emphasis on formal exams.

Instead, it recommends 'bite-sized assessments' such as topical tests to provide parents with feedback on their children's learning.

The recommendation is not finalised. But once the Education Ministry gives the thumbs up, changes will be implemented over 10 years.

One parent, tutor Maslena Mohamad, 34, said without exams, children may become complacent about their studies even when they move on to upper primary later.

'It is good to get them used to exams from the start so that by the time they get to upper primary, they are used to preparing for major exams,' said Madam Maslena, whose son is in Primary 1 this year.

Housewife Angeline Wong, 40, is concerned that after two years of sitting for mini-tests, the children would treat major exams 'just as lightly'.

Mr Tan Sze Tong, 40, a regional director of a telecommunications company, said children may get a 'huge shock' in Primary 3 when they are suddenly faced with major exams.

Last year, Mr Tan wrote to The Straits Times Forum page to complain about how his seven-year-old Primary 1 daughter had to sit for six examinable subjects for her semestral assessment.

He said: 'It is such a drastic change - from too many exams to no exams at all. The ministry should take a more balanced approach and retain exams for core subjects like English, Maths and Mother Tongue.'

Another parent, engineer Michael Goh, 41, said it would be 'cruel' to reserve exams for later.

His son, now 10, used not to have any homework in his first three years in primary school. But now that he is in Primary 4, he is getting 'tons of homework' each day and cannot cope.

'Kids who suddenly have to sit for exams after two years of fun will be faced with the same problem,' he said.

While many applaud the effort the ministry is taking to make learning stress-free and fun for young kids, some felt that the committee should have gone all out in doing so.

Sales manager Rachel Yeo, 37, who has a seven-year-old son, said there is no point in scrapping exams at the lower level if education at the upper primary level still revolves around exams and grades.

Dr Brian Yeo, a consultant psychiatrist at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, agrees.

'Parents are not so short-sighted. They know that their kids will still have to sit for the streaming and PSLE at the end of the day. Without exams at Primary 1 and 2, parents won't know how far they have to push their kids and may end up pushing them even more. It is like holding back a volcano,' he said.

Primary school teacher A. Tan, 35, worries that without exams, parents will find other ways to assess their children.

She said: 'I can already foresee them burying their children with past-year exam papers. For the new system to be effective, parents need to change their attitude first.'

ndianah@sph.com.sg